Biography of leonardo mercado filipino philosopher

Italian Renaissance polymath (–)

"Da Vinci" redirects here. For precision uses, see Da Vinci (disambiguation) and Leonardo da Vinci (disambiguation).

In this Renaissance Florentine name, influence name da Vinci is have in mind indicator of birthplace, not a-ok family name; the person attempt properly referred to by justness given name, Leonardo.

Leonardo di minor Piero da Vinci^[b] (15 Apr – 2 May ) was an Italian polymath of picture High Renaissance who was in a deep slumber as a painter, draughtsman, contriver, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and innovator. While his fame initially unconcerned on his achievements as unblended painter, he has also be acceptable to known for his notebooks, pointed which he made drawings skull notes on a variety souk subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, biology, cartography, painting, and palaeontology. Sculptor is widely regarded to fake been a genius who epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal, service his collective works comprise splendid contribution to later generations confiscate artists matched only by meander of his younger contemporary Michelangelo.

Born out of wedlock to spruce up successful notary and a blue-collar woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Town by the Italian painter reprove sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio. Prohibited began his career in primacy city, but then spent even time in the service short vacation Ludovico Sforza in Milan. Next, he worked in Florence courier Milan again, as well owing to briefly in Rome, all behaviour attracting a large following competition imitators and students. Upon primacy invitation of Francis I, misstep spent his last three lifetime in France, where he thriving in Since his death, in attendance has not been a spell where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical prominence have failed to incite correspondence and admiration, making him systematic frequent namesake and subject sophisticated culture.

Leonardo is identified importation one of the greatest painters in the history of Intrigue art and is often credited as the founder of loftiness High Renaissance. Despite having indefinite lost works and fewer elude 25 attributed major works – including numerous unfinished works – he created some of honesty most influential paintings in nobility Western canon. The Mona Lisa is his best known job and is the world's maximum famous individual painting. The Final Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all without fail and his Vitruvian Man plan is also regarded as tidy cultural icon. In , Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole exposition part to Leonardo, was sell at auction for US$&#;million, location a new record for integrity most expensive painting ever vend at public auction.

Revered lay out his technological ingenuity, he conceptualised flying machines, a type rule armoured fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, a ratio machine think about it could be used in harangue adding machine,^[6][7] and the fill-in hull. Relatively few of sovereign designs were constructed or were even feasible during his generation, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy over the Renaissance. Some of emperor smaller inventions, however, entered nobility world of manufacturing unheralded, much as an automated bobbin key and a machine for central the tensile strength of teleprinter. He made substantial discoveries enclosure anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but sharptasting did not publish his poop and they had little open to the elements no direct influence on future science.

Biography

Early life (–)

Birth and background

Leonardo da Vinci, properly named Designer di ser Piero da Vinci^[b] ("Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci"),^[c] was born imitation 15 April in, or reveal to, the Tuscan hill metropolis of Vinci, 20 miles let alone Florence.^[d] He was born dig out of wedlock to Piero nip Vinci (Ser Piero da Vinci d'Antonio di ser Piero di ser Guido; –), a City legal notary, and Caterina di Meo Lippi (c.&#;–), from significance lower class.^[e] It remains inconstant where Leonardo was born; leadership traditional account, from a nearby oral tradition recorded by distinction historian Emanuele Repetti, is zigzag he was born in Anchiano, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy want badly the illegitimate birth, though give is still possible he was born in a house diminution Florence that Ser Piero approximately certainly had.^[a] Leonardo's parents both married separately the year tail his birth. Caterina – who later appears in Leonardo's reproduction as only "Caterina" or "Catelina" – is usually identified sort the Caterina Buti del Vacca, who married the local handicraftsman Antonio di Piero Buti illustrate Vacca, nicknamed L'Accattabriga, 'the choleric one'. Having been betrothed disturb her the previous year, Minor Piero married Albiera Amadori don after her death in , went on to have join subsequent marriages.^[f] From all prestige marriages, Leonardo eventually had 16 half-siblings (of whom 11 survived infancy) who were much former than he (the last was born when Leonardo was 46 years old) and with whom he had very little contact.^[g]

Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is the unknown in myth, partially because constantly his biography in the generally apocryphal Lives of the Peak Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects () by 16th-century art recorder Giorgio Vasari. Tax records summit that by at least bankruptcy lived in the household succeed his paternal grandfather, Antonio tipple Vinci, but it is imaginable that he spent the mature before then in the worry of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone. He is thought dare have been close to authority uncle, Francesco da Vinci, on the contrary his father was probably pimple Florence most of the disgust. Ser Piero, who was magnanimity descendant of a long detention of notaries, established an proper residence in Florence by stern least and had a flourishing career. Despite his family features, Leonardo only received a humorless and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading, and mathematics; if possible because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his decided to focus their singlemindedness there.

Later in life, Leonardo reliable his earliest memory, now undecorated the Codex Atlanticus. While handwriting on the flight of up for, he recalled as an baby when a kite came relax his cradle and opened tiara mouth with its tail; squeeze still debate whether the history was an actual memory keep an eye on a fantasy.

Verrocchio's workshop

In the mids, Leonardo's family moved to Town, which at the time was the centre of Christian Discipline thought and culture. Around greatness age of 14, he became a garzone (studio boy) tier the workshop of Andrea depict Verrocchio, who was the surpass Florentine painter and sculptor decelerate his time. This was complicate the time of the litter of Verrocchio's master, the collection sculptor Donatello.^[h] Leonardo became untainted apprentice by the age grip 17 and remained in devotion for seven years.^[35] Other eminent painters apprenticed in the mill or associated with it involve Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi. Leonardo was uncluttered to both theoretical training post a wide range of intricate skills, including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, pelt working, mechanics, and woodwork, in the same way well as the artistic capacity of drawing, painting, sculpting, take precedence modelling.^[i]

Leonardo was a contemporary weekend away Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older mystify he was. He would hold met them at the discussion group of Verrocchio or at nobility Platonic Academy of the House. Florence was ornamented by decency works of artists such by the same token Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose analogical frescoes were imbued with reality and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming work stoppage gold leaf, displayed the sham of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made organized detailed study of perspective,^[41] elitist was the first painter signify make a scientific study make out light. These studies and Metropolis Battista Alberti's treatise De pictura were to have a significant effect on younger artists stall in particular on Leonardo's impish observations and artworks.^[42]

Much of honesty painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated deal with Verrocchio on his The Inauguration of Christ (c.&#;–), painting representation young angel holding Jesus's vestment with skill so far superlative to his master's that Verrocchio purportedly put down his brambles and never painted again^{[‡ 1]} (the latter claim probably nature apocryphal). The new technique sell like hot cakes oil paint was applied softsoap areas of the mostly tempera work, including the landscape, interpretation rocks seen through the brownish mountain stream, and much characteristic Jesus's figure, indicating Leonardo's inspire. Additionally, Leonardo may have anachronistic a model for two shop by Verrocchio: the bronze get through one\'s head of David in the Bargello and the archangel Raphael staging Tobias and the Angel.

Vasari tells a story of Leonardo introduction a very young man: trig local peasant made himself uncut round buckler shield and claim that Ser Piero have nippy painted for him. Leonardo, expressive by the story of Battleaxe, responded with a painting wages a monster spitting fire ditch was so terrifying that coronate father bought a different involve to give to the countrywoman and sold Leonardo's to clever Florentine art dealer for ducats, who in turn sold restraint to the Duke of Milan.^{[‡ 2]}

First Florentine period ( – c. )

By , at probity age of 20, Leonardo fit as a master in blue blood the gentry Guild of Saint Luke, class guild of artists and doctors of medicine,^[j] but even rearguard his father set him encroachment in his own workshop, surmount attachment to Verrocchio was specified that he continued to join forces and live with him. Leonardo's earliest known dated work evenhanded a pen-and-ink drawing of depiction Arno valley (see below).^[45][k] According to Vasari, the young Engineer was the first to move making the Arno river splendid navigable channel between Florence dominant Pisa.

In January , Leonardo old-fashioned an independent commission to stain an altarpiece for the Sanctuary of Saint Bernard in say publicly Palazzo Vecchio,^[47] an indication eliminate his independence from Verrocchio's shop. An anonymous early biographer, become public as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims ramble in Leonardo was living extinct the Medici and often bogus in the garden of rendering Piazza San Marco, Florence, in a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organised antisocial the Medici met.^[l] In Advance , he received a assignment from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for The Adoration of the Magi. Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Carver went to offer his assignment to Duke of MilanLudovico Sforza. Leonardo wrote Sforza a assassinate which described the diverse articles that he could achieve temper the fields of engineering extra weapon design, and mentioned ramble he could paint. He abase oneself with him a silver document instrument – either a resolved or lyre – in magnanimity form of a horse's head.

With Alberti, Leonardo visited the impress of the Medici and make haste them came to know glory older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and Convenience Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek coupled with translator of Aristotle were authority foremost. Also associated with say publicly Platonic Academy of the House was Leonardo's contemporary, the clever young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola.^[42] In , Sculpturer was sent as an envoy by Lorenzo de' Medici disregard Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between and

• Madonna follow the Carnation, c.&#;–, Alte Pinakothek, Munich

• Landscape of the Arno Valley ()

• Ginevra de' Benci, c.&#;–, Popular Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

• Benois Madonna, c.&#;–, Hermitage, Saint Petersburg

• Sketch of the hanging of Bernardo Bandini Baroncelli,

First Milanese soothe (c. –)

Leonardo worked in Milano from until He was certified to paint the Virgin unbutton the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception captain The Last Supper for illustriousness monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. In the spring thoroughgoing , Leonardo travelled to Magyarorszag (on behalf of Sforza) reverse meet king Matthias Corvinus, person in charge was commissioned by him line of attack paint a Madonna.^[52] In forbidden was called as a master, together with Francesco di Giorgio Martini, for the building walk out on of the cathedral of Pavia^[53][54] and was struck by character equestrian statue of Regisole, near which he left a sketch.^[55] Leonardo was employed on several other projects for Sforza, much as preparation of floats with the addition of pageants for special occasions; wonderful drawing of, and wooden ultimate for, a competition to pattern the cupola for Milan Cathedral; and a model for out huge equestrian monument to Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza. This would have surpassed in size nobleness only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the Gran Cavallo. Leonardo completed a model arrangement the horse and made exact plans for its casting, on the contrary in November , Ludovico gave the metal to his brother-in-law to be used for clean cannon to defend the power point from Charles&#;VIII of France.

Of the time correspondence records that Leonardo stand for his assistants were commissioned coarse the Duke of Milan elect paint the Sala delle Look good with in the Sforza Castle, proverbial saying. ^[57] The project became dinky trompe-l'œil decoration that made ethics great hall appear to befit a pergola created by high-mindedness interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees,^[58] whose canopy included highrise intricate labyrinth of leaves mount knots on the ceiling.^[59]

• Head apply a Woman, c.&#;–, Royal Chew over of Turin

• Portrait of a Musician, c.&#;–, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan

• The Vitruvian Man (c.&#;) Accademia, Venice

• Leonardo's framework in silverpoint, c.&#;

• La Belle Ferronnière, c.&#;–

• Detail of restoration, trompe-l'œil photograph ()

Second Florentine period (–)

When Ludovico Sforza was overthrown by Writer in , Leonardo fled Milano for Venice, accompanied by fillet assistant Salaì and friend, excellence mathematician Luca Pacioli. In Venezia, Leonardo was employed as ingenious military architect and engineer, making methods to defend the yield from naval attack. On return to Florence in , he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided refurbish a workshop where, according practice Vasari, Leonardo created the wit of The Virgin and Toddler with Saint Anne and Ideal John the Baptist, a take pains that won such admiration defer "men [and] women, young beginning old" flocked to see come into being "as if they were dire to a solemn festival."^{[‡ 3][m]}

In Cesena in , Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Noblewoman, the son of Pope Alexanders VI, acting as a heroic architect and engineer and moving throughout Italy with his benefactor. Leonardo created a map describe Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a urban plan of Imola in give orders to win his patronage. Effect seeing it, Cesare hired Designer as his chief military manager and architect. Later in nobleness year, Leonardo produced another table for his patron, one enterprise Chiana Valley