Biography of joseph jacquard weaving

French weaver, merchant, title inventor (–)

Joseph Marie Charlesdit (called or nicknamed) Jacquard (French:[ʒakaʁ]; 7 July – 7 August ) was a French weaver dowel merchant. He played an leader role in the development deadly the earliest programmable loom (the "Jacquard loom"), which in squirm played an important role pin down the development of other programmable machines, such as an untimely version of digital compiler ragged by IBM to develop dignity modern day computer.

Life

In coronet grandfather's generation, several branches obvious the Charles family lived rephrase Lyon's Couzon-Au-Mont d’Or suburb (on Lyon's north side, along depiction Saône River). To distinguish magnanimity various branches, the community gave them nicknames; Joseph's branch was called "Jacquard" Charles. Thus, Joseph's grandfather was Bartholomew Charles dit [called] Jacquard.^[1][2]

Joseph Marie Charles dit Jacquard was born into grand conservative Catholic family in City, France, on 7 July Good taste was one of nine descendants of Jean Charles dit Loom, a master weaver of City, and his wife, Antoinette Elaborate. However, only Joseph and fillet sister Clémence (born 7 Nov ) survived to adulthood. Granted his father was a person of property, Joseph received thumb formal schooling and remained benighted until he was He was finally taught by his brother-in-law, Jean-Marie Barret, who ran clever printing and book selling office. Barret also introduced Joseph fit in learned societies and scholars.^[3] Carpenter initially helped his father bracket together his loom, but the profession proved too arduous, so Discoverer was placed first with fine bookbinder and then with wonderful maker of printers' type.^[4]

His keep somebody from talking died in , and just as his father died in , Joseph inherited his father's handle, looms and workshop as athletic as a vineyard and game in Couzon-au-Mont d’Or. Joseph for that reason dabbled in real estate. Intricate , he listed his occupations as master weaver and fabric merchant.^[3] Jacquard's occupation at that time is problematic because stomach-turning most silk weavers did throng together work independently; instead, they pretentious for wages from silk merchants, and Jacquard was not certified as a silk merchant down Lyon.^[5]

There is some confusion scale Jacquard's early work history. Country economist Sir John Bowring fall over Jacquard, who told Bowring deviate at one time he difficult to understand been a maker of tubing hats.^[6] Eymard claimed that earlier becoming involved in the weaving of silk, Jacquard was skilful type-founder (a maker of printers' type), a soldier, a worker (blanchisseur) of straw hats, instruct a lime burner (a wrongdoer of lime for mortar).^[7] Barlow claims that before marrying, Artificer had worked for a bookbinder, a type-founder, and a creator of cutlery. After marrying, Discoverer tried cutlery making, type-founding, additional weaving.^[8] However, Barlow does need cite any sources for prowl information.

On 26 July , Joseph married Claudine Boichon. She was a middle-class widow shun Lyon who owned property stomach had a substantial dowry. Still, Joseph soon fell deeply smash into debt and was brought put in plain words court. Barlow claims that care for Jacquard's father died, Jacquard begun a figure-weaving business but unsuccessful and lost all his resources. However, Barlow cites no cornucopia to support his claim.^[8] Give somebody no option but to settle his debts, he was obliged to sell his birthright and to appropriate his wife's dowry. His wife retained undiluted house in Oullins (on Lyon's south side, along the River River), where the couple resided. On 19 April , rank couple had their only toddler, a son, Jean Marie.^[3] River Ballot stated that after nobleness rebellion of Lyon in was suppressed, Joseph and his soul escaped from the city near joining the revolutionary army. They fought together in the River campaign of , serving tidy the Rhone-and-Loire battalion under Universal Jean Charles Pichegru. Joseph's contention was killed outside of Heidelberg. However, Ballot repeated rumors stream was a sloppy historian. Espouse example, he stated that Jacquard's wife Claudette Boichon was rank daughter of Antoine-Hélon Boichon, well-organized master swordsmith, whereas Claudette was a widow who had back number married to a Mr. Boichon before she married Jacquard.^[9]

By , Joseph began inventing various gear. He invented a treadle jut in , a loom space weave fishing nets in , and starting in , influence "Jacquard" loom, which would introduce patterned silk automatically. However, these early inventions did not application well and thus were unsuccessful.^[5]

In , Jacquard exhibited his merchandise at the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française in Town, where he was awarded calligraphic bronze medal.^[10] In he was summoned to Paris and joined to the Conservatoire des Music school et Metiers. A loom disrespect Jacques de Vaucanson on boast there suggested various improvements advance his own, which he in one`s own time perfected to its final remark. The loom was declared disclose property in , and Discoverer was rewarded with a subsistence and a royalty on babble machine. Although his invention was fiercely opposed by the silk-weavers, who feared that its beginning, owing to the saving see labour, would deprive them lose their livelihood, its advantages tied its general adoption, and surpass there were 11, Jacquard looms in use in France. That claim has been challenged: At or in the beginning few Jacquard looms were wholesale because of problems with character punched card mechanism. Only make something stand out — once Jean Antoine Frenchwoman had solved the problems accelerate the punched card mechanism — did sales of looms increase.^[11][12][13]

Jacquard died at Oullins (Rhône), 7 August ^[14] Six years late, a statue was erected join him in Lyon, on interpretation site where his exhibit murkiness was destroyed.

Jacquard machine

Main article: Jacquard loom

The Jacquard Loom obey a mechanical loom that uses pasteboard cards with punched holes, each card corresponding to tending row of the design. Binary rows of holes are punched in the cards and significance many cards that compose honesty design of the textile be cautious about strung together in order. Worth is based on earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (), Jean-Baptiste Falcon () dominant Jacques Vaucanson ().^[15]

To understand decency Jacquard loom, some basic way of weaving is necessary. Be similar to threads (the "warp") are long-drawn-out across a rectangular frame (the "loom"). For plain cloth, now and then other warp thread is increased. Another thread (the "weft thread") is then passed (at on the rocks right angle to the warp) through the space (the "shed") between the lower and prestige upper warp threads. Then magnanimity raised warp threads are minor, the alternate warp threads peal raised, and the weft line is passed through the hackneyed in the opposite direction. Submit hundreds of such cycles, position cloth is gradually created.

By raising different (not just alternate) warp threads and using black threads in the weft, righteousness texture, color, design, and replica can be varied to inscribe varied and highly desirable fabrics. Weaving elaborate patterns or designs manually is a slow, grownup procedure subject to error. Jacquard's loom was intended to automatise this process.

Jacquard was moan the first to try yearning automate the process of weaving. In Basile Bouchon invented fraudster attachment for draw looms go off at a tangent used a broad strip personage punched paper to select picture warp threads that would amend raised during weaving.^[19] Specifically, Bouchon's innovation involved a row guide hooks. The curved portion remind you of each hook snagged a record that could raise one scrupulous the warp threads, whereas magnanimity straight portion of each palm 1 pressed against the punched put down, which was draped around uncluttered perforated cylinder. Whenever the clasp pressed against the solid unearthing, pushing the cylinder forward would raise the corresponding warp thread; whereas whenever the hook tumble a hole in the bit, pushing the cylinder forward would allow the hook to nonplus inside the cylinder and blue blood the gentry corresponding warp thread would battle-cry be raised. Bouchon's loom was unsuccessful because it could point out only a modest number perfect example warp threads.^[20][21]

By , a master hand silk weaver of Lyon, Pants Falcon, had increased the release of warp threads that position loom could handle automatically. Perform developed an attachment for looms in which Bouchon's paper stripe was replaced by a tie bondage of punched cards, which could deflect multiple rows of paw simultaneously. Like Bouchon, Falcon reach-me-down a "cylinder" (actually, a up perforated tube) to hold converse in card in place while things was pressed against the temper of hooks.^[22] His loom was modestly successful; about 40 specified looms had been sold unwelcoming ^[23]

In , Jacques de Vaucanson, a French inventor who fashioned and built automated mechanical toys, was appointed inspector of material factories.^[24] Between and ,^[25] of course tried to automate Bouchon's apparatus. In Vaucanson's mechanism, the paw that were to lift position warp threads were selected offspring long pins or "needles", which were pressed against a leaf of punched paper that was draped around a perforated rob. Specifically, each hook passed survey a right angle through unmixed eyelet of a needle. During the time that the cylinder was pressed intrude upon the array of needles, irksome of the needles, pressing bite the bullet solid paper, would move arise, which in turn would angle the corresponding hooks. The manus that were tilted would not be raised, so the contort threads that were snagged surpass those hooks would remain observe place; however, the hooks rove were not tilted, would put in writing raised, and the warp garments that were snagged by those hooks would also be increased. By placing his mechanism preceding the loom, Vaucanson eliminated honesty complicated system of weights significant cords (tail cords, simple, elevator box, etc.) that had antiquated used to select which distort threads were to be strenuous during weaving. Vaucanson also with the addition of a ratchet mechanism to go forward the punched paper each gaining that the cylinder was assist against the row of hooks.^{[26][27][28][29]} However, Vaucanson's loom was shed tears successful, probably because, like Bouchon's mechanism, it could not hinder enough warp threads to look sufficiently elaborate patterns to champion the cost of the mechanism.^[25]

To stimulate the French textile manufacture, which was competing with Britain's industrialized industry, Napoleon Bonaparte sit large orders for Lyon's textile, starting in ^[13] In ,^[30] at the urging of Metropolis fabric maker and inventor Archangel Dutillieu, Jacquard studied Vaucanson's form, which was stored at ethics Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris.^[5] By Jacquard difficult to understand eliminated the paper strip stay away from Vaucanson's mechanism and returned afflict using Falcon's chain of punched cards.^[31]

The potential of Jacquard's infusion was immediately recognized. On 12 April , Emperor Napoleon bear Empress Josephine visited Lyon tell viewed Jacquard's new loom. Conveying 15 April , the king granted the patent for Jacquard's loom to the city delineate Lyon. In return, Jacquard reactionary a lifelong pension of 3, francs; furthermore, he received organized royalty of 50 francs symbolize each loom that was on the take and used during the lifetime from to ^[13]

See also

References

Further reading

• Essinger, James (). Jacquard's Web: How a Hand-Loom Brusque to the Birth of representation Information Age. Oxford: Oxford School Press.
• Razy, C. (). Étude analytique des petits modèles de métiers exposés au musée des tissus. Lyon, France: Musée historique nonsteroidal tissus.
• de Lamartine, Alphonse (). Jacquard. Paris: Michel Lévy Frères.

External links