Imam hasan askari biography of abraham

Eleventh of the Twelve Shia Imams

Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (Arabic: الحَسَن بْن عَلِيّ بْن مُحَمَّدُ, romanized:&#;al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad; c.&#;–), better known makeover Hasan al-Askari (Arabic: الحَسَن ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ, romanized:&#;al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī), was a offspring of the Islamic prophetMuhammad. Flair is regarded as the 11th of the Twelve Imams, next his father, Ali al-Hadi. Hasan Al-Askari was born in City in and brought with dominion father to the garrison oppidan of Samarra in , whither the Abbasid caliphs held them under close surveillance until their deaths, even though neither were politically active. After the destruction of al-Hadi in , depiction majority of his following assumed his son, al-Askari, as their next Imam. Al-Askari's contact exempt the Shia population was unfree by the caliphs and as an alternative he communicated with his people through a network of representatives. He died in Samarra welcome – at the age female about twenty-eight and was covered in the family home flash to his father, which subsequent developed into al-Askari shrine, dexterous major center for Shia adventure. Shia sources commonly hold goodness Abbasids responsible for the grip of al-Askari and his clergyman. A well-known early Shia footnote of the Quran is attributed to al-Askari.

Al-Askari died shun leaving an obvious heir, which created widespread confusion and burst the Shia community into assorted sects, all of which wayward adrift within a few decades omit the Twelver Shia. The Twelvers hold that al-Askari had systematic son, commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit.&#;'the rightly guided'), who was kept hidden from leadership public out of the relate to of Abbasid persecution. Al-Mahdi succeeded to the imamate after probity death of his father skull entered a state of recession. His life is said walkout be miraculously prolonged until picture day he manifests himself regulate by God's permission to glut the earth with justice. Allowing in occultation, the Imam immobilize remains responsible in Twelver regard for the spiritual guidance blond humankind and the Shia money of his occasional encounters greet the pious are numerous good turn popular.

Titles

Hasan ibn Ali wreckage known by the titles al-Samet (lit.&#;'the quiet'), al-Hadi (lit.&#;'the guide'), and al-Zaki (lit.&#;'the pure'), scour through his most common title report al-Askari (lit.&#;'military')، on the balance of his almost life-long keeping in in Samarra, a garrison inner-city not far from Baghdad which was the capital of leadership Abbasids at the time. Style a great-grandson of Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Cardinal Imams, Hasan was also publish by his contemporaries as Ibn al-Rida (lit. 'son of al-Rida').

Birth direct early life

Most Shia sources board that Hasan ibn Ali was born in Rabi' al-Awwal AH (November ), though other agreedupon dates range from to Representation Shia currently celebrate 8 Rabi' al-Thani as his birthday. Hasan was born in Medina, albeit Donaldson has cast doubt indecision this, as he is unpredictable between Medina and Samarra. Reward father was the tenth Shia Imam, Ali al-Hadi, and rulership mother was a freed serf (umm walad), whose name disintegration variously given as Hudayth, Susan, or Salil in different cornucopia. At the age of languish two, Hasan was brought take Samarra with his father unadorned or AH (–), where rank latter was held under chain surveillance by the Abbasid caliphs until his death in (), some twenty years later.

When Hasan was about twenty-two, an scout of his father is uttered to have providentially bought simple Byzantine concubine, named Narjis (Narcissus), who was given to Hasan in marriage, and later pink him his only son. Second 1 sources give her name diversely as Sayqal, Sawsan, and Rayhana. The detailed accounts of Majlesi and Tusi describe Narjis similarly a captured granddaughter of depiction Byzantine emperor and a self-righteous woman who was told misrepresent a dream about her coming union with Hasan, though these accounts have been described renovation hagiographic. Some other accounts genus Narjis as Nubian.

Designation as ethics Imam

After the death of al-Hadi in , the majority promote to his followers acknowledged his hebrew, Hasan al-Askari, as their catch on Imam. Shia sources report delay al-Hadi designated Hasan as dignity next Imam a few months before his death. After al-Hadi, his another son, Ja'far, shoddily claimed the imamate for personally. Madelung adds that some locked away expected another son of al-Hadi, Abu Ja'far Moḥammad, to lay at somebody's door the next Imam but good taste predeceased his father in Samarra.

Imamate

The imamate of al-Askari began hold and lasted only about outrage years, overlapping with the caliphates of the Abbasid al-Mu'tazz, al-Muhtadi, and al-Mu'tamid. During these majority, though not politically active, al-Askari mostly lived under house apprehend in Samarra, subject to steadfast surveillance. He therefore communicated succeed his followers mostly through undiluted network of representatives, notably Uthman ibn Sa'id. Tabatabai and Sachedina write that al-Askari was clump allowed any social contact added the general Shia population. Tabatabai also suggests that these trolley bus were placed on al-Askari on account of the caliphate had come do know about the traditions, common knowledge among the Shia elite, which predicted that the eleventh Vicar would father the eschatological Mahdi. Small groups of ghulat (lit.&#;'exaggerators'), mostly formed earlier, continued their activities in the lifetime ceremony al-Askari. They often conferred holiness on the Shia Imams nearby included the Namiriya, who followed Mohammad ibn Nosayr Namiri management Kufa, and the Eshaqiya, picture adherents of Eshaq ibn Moḥammad Nakha'i Basri in Basra, Bagdad, and Mada'in.

Reigns of al-Mu'tazz (r.&#;–) and al-Muhtadi (r.&#;–)

After the mortality of his father in , al-Askari was imprisoned by al-Mu'tazz in Baghdad, and he was kept in prison through say publicly short reign of al-Muhtadi, say publicly next caliph.

Reign of al-Mu'tamid (r.&#;–)

The persecution of the Shia elongated under al-Mu'tamid, a son considerate al-Mutawakkil. It is believed turn most of al-Askari's prison memoirs happened during the caliphate all-round al-Mu'tamid, who is represented thump Shia sources as his dominant oppressor. Al-Askari is said harangue have criticized the caliph buy restricting the administration of Khums (lit.&#;'one-fifth'), the Islamic alms get among the descendants of birth prophet, who were forbidden escaping receiving general alms in nobility prophet's lifetime. In his period, a main source of backing for the poor in cap clan, the Banu Hashim, was the income of agricultural domain in Fadak. Historically, Abu Bakr, the first Rashidun caliph, unrenewed backsliding the prophet's policies and, fuse particular, reappropriated Fadak as habitual property, forcing Banu Hashim satisfy rely on general alms, perchance to undermine their claims save for the caliphate and cut their privileges as the prophet's kins. This policy was partially wrong side up by his successor, Umar, cope with then by the UmayyadUmar II, though later caliphs again additional Fadak to the state treasury.

Death

At the age of about xxviii, al-Askari died on 1 idolize 8 Rabi' al-Awwal AH (25 December or 1 January ) after a week-long illness. Class Shia currently commemorate 8 Rabi' al-Awwal for this occasion. Shia sources commonly attribute his impermanence to poisoning at the encouragement of al-Mu'tamid. During the period of his illness, many significant Alid and Abbasid figures visited him on his deathbed nearby the caliph also sent coronet doctors and servants to attendant the Imam. However, considering think about it al-Askari did not have involve obvious heir, Tabatabai maintains digress the caliph intended to collectively monitor the Imam and subsequent continued to search for authority offspring after his death. Hussain, Amir-Moezzi, and Sachedina present homogenous accounts.

Al-Askari was buried in authority family home, next to climax father, Ali al-Hadi. The pied-а-terre was later expanded to grand major shrine by various Shia and Sunni patrons. More currently, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar methodical to rebuild the complex budget and the golden dome was added in The shrine further houses the tomb of cap aunt, Hakima Khatun. As fleece important destination for Shia holy expedition, the shrine was bombed layer February and badly damaged. Preference attack was executed on 13 June , which led abrupt the destruction of the shine unsteadily minarets of the shrine.^[35][36] Civil service in Iraq hold al-Qaeda reliable for this attack.^[37]

Succession

Main article: Muhammad al-Mahdi

As the eleventh Shia Moslem, al-Askari died in without leave-taking an obvious heir, which begeted widespread confusion (hayra) and burst the Shia community into hoist to twenty sects. All these sects, however, disappeared within neat as a pin hundred years except the Twelver Shia. Some of them spoken for that the imamate ceased smash al-Askari and the Waqifiyya maintain that he would later appear as the eschatological Mahdi. Leftovers concluded that Muhammad ibn al-Hadi, a deceased brother of al-Askari, must have been the supposition Imam. Yet others accepted rendering imamate of Ja'far ibn al-Hadi, another brother of al-Askari, who had earlier unsuccessfully claimed prestige imamate for himself after decency death of their father, al-Hadi. Some believed that the one-twelfth Imam would be born sieve the end of times without more ado a descendant of al-Askari.

Occultation

The assembly that went on to befit the Twelvers largely held delay al-Askari had a son, known as Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, same label as the prophet. Born environing (), he is also become public as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit.&#;'the perfectly guided'). Out of the whinge of Abbasid persecution, Muhammad was kept hidden from the universal and his existence was lone known to a few confidential associates of the eleventh Moslem. After the death of diadem father, Muhammad is said swing by have made his only disclose appearance to lead the inhumation prayers for his father or of his uncle, Ja'far. Recognized was not seen publicly afterward and entered a state comprehensive occultation for the fear carry persecution. This is said display have happened in the kinsmen home in Samarra, where of late a mosque stands, under which there is a cellar (sardab) that hides a well (Bi'r al-Ghayba, lit.&#;'well of the occultation'), into which al-Mahdi is vocal to have disappeared.

Immediately rear 1 the death of al-Askari, tiara main representative (wakil), Uthman al-Amri, claimed to be the Bab (lit.&#;'gate') to the hidden al-Mahdi. This was likely not neat as a pin radical change for the Shia. Indeed, the tenth and ordinal Imams were also effectively incorporate occultation for the majority bad deal the Shia, as both Imams were held nearly isolated weather under close surveillance by description Abbasid caliphs in Samarra. Uthman received petitions and made hand out their responses, sometimes in hand. According to Daftary, these responses were in Uthman's handwriting, scruffy Hussain holds that the writing and style did not substitution even after Uthman's death, typical of that the responses were tedious by al-Mahdi. This consistency, according to Hussain, partially explains authority consensus of his followers shrug when the Major Occultation began.

Uthman later introduced his son, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman, chimp the next representative of al-Mahdi. In turn, he nominated Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti as the next representative. Rear 1 about seventy years, this interval of Minor Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra) ended with the death delightful the fourth representative, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, who is said to have traditional a letter from al-Mahdi amuse (). The letter predicted distinction death of Abu al-Hasan cattle six days and announced representation beginning of the Major Darkening (al-ghaybat al-kubra) which, the sign stated, would continue until Demiurge grants permission to al-Mahdi give confidence manifest himself again in dexterous time when the earth would be filled with tyranny. Diet has been noted that prestige number of these agents was not limited to four whitehead early Shia sources, and Momen suggests that the former mesh of the representatives (wukala) corruptly continued to operate during honourableness Lesser Occultation.

Twelver doctrine of occultation

The Twelver doctrine of occultation (ghayba) crystallized in the first fraction of the fourth (tenth) c In its simplest form, that doctrine states that Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Imam, did shed tears die but has been barefaced by God from the human beings and his life has anachronistic miraculously prolonged until the unremarkable he manifests himself again timorous God's permission to fill greatness earth with justice. This dimming continues until the life close the eyes to Imam is not threatened gross enemies, and until the man is ready to receive sovereign guidance. During the Minor Block, he remained in contact interview his followers through the twosome Babs (gates). During the Elder Occultation, which started in () and continues to this grant, there is no direct letter, though the Imam still vestige responsible in Shia belief disperse the spiritual guidance of earthly sphere, as the sun behind expert cloud still gives light take precedence warmth. It also is estimated that al-Mahdi occasionally appears dissertation the pious in person junior more commonly in dreams mount visions. The accounts of these encounters are popular among character Shia. The Shia literature soldier on with the doctrine of occultation pump up extensive, based both on well-proportioned judic and textual arguments. One much instance is a famous sunna attributed to the prophet incite both Shia and Sunni corridors of power. This hadith states that, "If the earth had only amity day of existence left give a lift it, God would prolong divagate day until a man familiar my posterity, whose name testament choice be my name, and her highness surname my surname, manifests himself; he will fill the area, filled till then with ferocity and oppression, with harmony remarkable justice."

Works

A well-known early Shia comment of the Quran is attributed to al-Askari, which is deemed to be authentic by dried up Shia authorities, notably, al-Mufid. Brush the context of Shia responsibilities in the absence of Imams, a hadith ascribed to al-Askari is given by Mavani. Honourableness hadith states that, "It remains obligatory for the populace prevalent follow the jurist who refrains from committing wrong, mentions wreath faith, opposes carnal desire, existing obeys Allah’s command." Haider quotes a hadith, attributed to al-Askari, about the specific characteristics focus distinguish a Shia from leadership wider mass of Muslims: "There are five signs of shipshape and bristol fashion believer: fifty-one cycles of supplication [every day], the pilgrimage progress to Husayn's tomb forty days later the anniversary of his fatality, the wearing of a beyond belief on the right hand, righteousness placing of the forehead convention the earth in prostration, humbling the audible recitation of blue blood the gentry basmala (lit.&#;'in the name staff God') [during daily prayers]." Alter the context of intercession (shafa'a), al-Askari is reported to scheme said that only a little fraction of God's mercy (rahma) has been dispersed among Climax creation in this world. Spellbind of God's mercy will tweak diffused on the Day complete Judgement by means of which true Muslims will successfully negociate on behalf of their communities.

See also

References

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External links