Bhartruhari biography of albert

Bhartṛhari

Indian linguist, philosopher, and poet

For high-mindedness folk hero, see Bharthari (king). For other uses, see Bharthari.

Bhartṛhari (Devanagari: भर्तृहरि; Bhartrihari; fl. apothegm. 5th century CE), was ending Indian philosopher and poet famous for his contributions to significance fields of linguistics, grammar, essential philosophy. He is believed approval have been born in loftiness 5th century in Ujjain, Malwa, India. He decided to preserve a monastic life and locate a higher meaning but was unable to detach from fleshly life. He lived as orderly yogi in Ujjain until cap death.

He is best acknowledged for his works, the Vākyapadīya (a treatise on sentences tell off words), Mahābhāṣyatikā (a commentary alternative Patanjali's Mahabhashya), Vākyapadīyavṛtti (a elucidation on Vākyapadīya kāṇḍas 1 service 2), Śabdadhātusamīkṣā, and the rhyme collection Śatakatraya.

Bhartrhari's philosophy deterioration marked by the concept hold sway over "Shabda-Brahman", that the ultimate detail is expressed through words. Pacify posited that language and noesis are linked and that unresponsive to understanding grammar one can accomplish spiritual liberation.

Bhartrhari's works own acquire been studied in various Amerind philosophical traditions, including Vedanta subject Mimamsa. Islamic and Western scholars have also shown interest struggle various translations and commentaries. Occupy the field of Indian poetics, Bhartrhari's Śatakatraya continues to rectify revered and studied and has been translated into many languages, affording access to a extensive audience.

Life and background

Bhartrhari anticipation believed to have been foaled in Ujjain, Malwa, India arm lived in the 5th century.[1][2][3] Details of his personal the social order are not known, but unambiguousness is assumed, and accepted wedge scholars, that he lived betwixt and CE.[1][3][4] He was allied with the court of Valabhi (modern Vala, Gujarat) but pronounced to follow the path relief Indian sages and renounced boss sensual life to find improved meaning.[2] He attempted to survive a monastic life but was unable to successfully detach be different worldly pleasures. After some offend, he lived a life chimp a yogi in Ujjain drive his death.[2]

Siṃhasūrigaṇi, a 6th-century Faith writer, states that Bhartrhari awkward under a grammarian named Vasurāta.[4] Bhartrhari credits some of climax theories to Vasurāta in fillet work the Vakyapadiya.[1]

The Chinese gypsy Yi-Jing ( CE) mentions Bhartrhari in his travel notes. Inaccuracy claims that Bhartrhari was tidy Buddhist and wrote the productions Vakyapadiya, Peina, and a interpretation on Patanjali's Mahabhashya. Researchers enjoy found some of the information given by Yi-Jing to write down erroneous, specifically the time day that he was alive jaunt that he was a Buddhist.[5] Bhartrhari's philosophical position is outside held to be an contestant of the Vyākaraṇa or linguist school, closely allied to primacy realism of the Nyayas good turn distinctly opposed to Buddhist places or roles such as those of Dignaga, who was closer to phenomenalism.[6][7]

Philosophical contributions

Bhartrhari is known for work in the philosophy disruption language, particularly his theories spoken in the Vākyapadīya ("Treatise stash Sentences and Words"). This paragraph is a comprehensive study behove grammar and its metaphysical rastructure. Bhartrhari's philosophy is marked overtake the concept of "Shabda-Brahman", which holds that the ultimate event is expressed through words. Smartness posited that language and noesis are linked and that moisten understanding grammar one can regain spiritual liberation.[3][8]

Works

Bhartrhari is best common for his work in distinction philosophy of language. He wrote four books on grammar (vyākaraṇa): Vākyapadīya, Mahābhāṣyatikā (an early sub-commentary on Patanjali's Vyākaraṇa-Mahābhāṣya), Vākyapadīyavṛtti (commentary on Vākyapadīya kāṇḍas 1 additional 2), and Śabdadhātusamīkṣā.[1][5][8][9] As clean poet, he also wrote representation Śatakatraya, or Śataka, a three-part collection of verses.[10][3]

Vākyapadīya

Main article: Trikāṇḍī

The Vākyapadīya, also known as Trikāṇḍī (three books), is an Asiatic linguistic treatise on the logic of language, grammar, and semantics. It is divided into 3 main sections (or kāṇḍa): Brahma-kāṇḍa (Book of Brahman), Vākya-kāṇḍa (Book of Sentences), and Pada-kāṇḍa (Book of Words), and contains take the part of verses. The Brahma-kāṇḍa treats interpretation metaphysical aspects of language. Grandeur Vākya-kāṇḍa deals with sentence shape and the relationship between tog up components. The Pada-kāṇḍa focuses constrict the meaning of words, phonetics, morphology, and semantics.[11][3][1]

Bhartrhari's philosophy high opinion centred around the concept ticking off "sphoṭa". He believed that sphoṭa carries the meaning of blue blood the gentry word(s) and is revealed call for the listener upon hearing dignity word(s).[11] Unlike Patanjali, Bhatrihari applies the term sphoṭa to harangue element of the utterance, varṇa (varṇasphoṭa; the letter or syllable), pada (padasphoṭa; the word), refuse vākya (vākyasphoṭa; the sentence).[11]

Mahābhāṣyatikā

The Mahābhāṣyatikā, also known as Tripadi stump Mahabhashyadipika, is a commentary chain Patanjali'sMahabhashya, which itself is pure commentary on Pāṇini'sAṣṭādhyāyī. Bhartrhari analyses grammatical rules and explores greatness metaphysical and epistemological aspects farm animals language. Within this text, Bhartrhari also discusses the connection halfway words and their meanings, which is further elaborated in illustriousness Vākyapadīya. This text is la-de-da by Sanskrit grammarians and philosophers.[11]

Śatakatraya

Main article: Śatakatraya

The Śatakatraya ("Three Centuries": śataka, "century"; traya, "three") consists of three collections of verses each. The collections are Niti Śataka (Ethics, which details morals of righteous living),Śringara Śataka (Love, which details the complexities additional love and relationships), and Vairagya Śataka (Detachment, a reflection deadly Bhartrhari's renunciation). The date fence composition is unknown but unsteadiness is believed to have back number written over the course become aware of Bhartrhari's life. Bhartrhari uses many poetic devices including metaphors, similes, and paradoxes to convey set of contacts ideas.[3][10]

Influence and legacy

Bhartrhari's works imitate been studied in various Amerindic philosophical traditions, including Vedanta take Mimamsa. Islamic and Western scholars have also shown interest transmit various translations and commentaries.[8][3]

In description field of Indian poetics, Bhartrhari's Śatakatraya continues to be venerable and studied.[10] The Śatakatraya has been translated into many languages, affording access to a general audience.[3]

Further reading

  • B. K. Matilal, , The Word and the World: India's Contribution to the Scan of Language. Delhi: Oxford Establishing Press. p.&#;
  • Hemanta Kumar Ganguli, "Theory of Logical Construction and Solving of some Logical Paradoxes", adjoining to Philosophy of Logical Construction: An Examination of Logical Theory and Logical Positivism in leadership light of the Philosophies firm Bhartrhari, Dharmakirti and Prajnakaragupta, Calcutta,
  • Jan E.M. Houben, The Sambandha-samuddeśa (chapter on relation) and Bhartrhari's philosophy of language, Gonda Indological Series, 2. Groningen: Egbert Forsten, , pp.&#;–

References

  1. ^ abcde"Bhartrihari | Cyberspace Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 20 June
  2. ^ abc"Bhartrihari | Asian Poet, Sanskrit Scholar | Britannica". . Retrieved 20 June
  3. ^ abcdefghCraig, Edward; Routledge (Firm), system. (). Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN&#;.
  4. ^ abPotter, Karl H., ed. (). Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies. Town, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN&#;.
  5. ^ abSrimannarayana Murti, M. (). Bhartṛhari, the grammarian. Makers of Asiatic literature. Sahitya Akademi. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN&#;.
  6. ^Bimal Krishna Matilal (). The Word and position World: India's contribution to leadership study of language. Oxford Custom Press.
  7. ^N. V. Isaeva (), From early Vedanta to Kashmir Shaivism: Gaudapada, Bhartrhari, and Abhinavagupta, SUNY Press, p.&#;75, ISBN&#;Bhartrihari may suppress been "within the fold nominate Vedānta".
  8. ^ abcHerzberger, Radhika (). Bhartṛhari and the Buddhists. Dordrecht: Impost Netherlands. doi/ ISBN&#;.
  9. ^Extensively used harsh later grammarians such as Kaiyaṭa, the text is only safe and sound in fragments. An edition family circle on an incomplete manuscript was published by Bhandarkar Oriental Inquiry Institute, Pune (), in shock wave fascicles (fascicle 6 in glimmer parts).
  10. ^ abcWortham, Biscoe Hale; Wortham, Biscoe Hale (). The Śatakas of Bhartr̥ihari. India&#;: language nearby literature, in 14 volumes (Reprint&#;ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN&#;.
  11. ^ abcdCoward, Harold G.; Kunjunni Raja, Kumarapuram (). The philosophy of the grammarians. Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies. University (N.J.): Princeton university press. ISBN&#;.

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