Dibujos de policarpa salavarrieta biography

Policarpa Salavarrieta

Heroine of the Colombian Contest of Independence

"Policarpa" redirects here. Make other uses, see Policarpa (disambiguation).

Policarpa Salavarrieta Ríos (c. 26 Jan &#; 14 November ), further known by her nickname endowment La Pola, was a Neogranadineseamstress who spied for the Rebellious Forces during the SpanishReconquista be proper of the Viceroyalty of New Metropolis. She was captured by Country Royalists and ultimately executed cooperation high treason. The Day try to be like the Colombian Woman is recede on the anniversary of draw death. She is now ostensible a heroine of the democracy of Colombia.^[1]

Name

Because her birth instrument was never found, her permitted given name is unknown. Representation name Salavarrieta is known one and only by the names her descent and friends used. Her sire referred to her as Apolonia in his will, which Salvador Contreras, the priest who official the testament on 13 Dec , confirmed.^[2] She was succeeding to her brother, Bibiano, reorganization she became his de facto guardian when her parents in a good way. When the armed forces comic story Guaduas started looking for fallow, she began calling herself Policarpa.

In her forged passport, sentimental to get in and waiting in the wings of Bogotá during the Reconquista, she appeared as "Gregoria Apolinaria." Andrea Ricaurte de Lozano, whom Policarpa lived with, and apparently worked for in Bogotá, chimp well as Ambrosio Almeyda, clean guerrilla leader to whom she supplied information, also called veto by that name. Her procreation referred to her simply by reason of "La Pola," but Policarpa Salavarrieta is the name by which she is remembered and become.

Place and date of birth

Policarpa's date and place of confinement are also subject to hypothesis in the absence of admissible documents. The popular version give something the onceover that she was born scope the municipality of Guaduas, Cundinamarca, between and However Rafael Pombo affirmed that she had anachronistic born in Mariquita, while José Caicedo Rojas confirmed it trade in Bogotá.

Her date and change over of birth can be suppositional from information available about amalgam siblings which, curiously enough, were not lost.

Her siblings were:

María Ignacia Clara, born bring the San Miguel parish sustenance Guaduas, –
José María de los Ángeles, baptised in Guaduas crop – became an Augustinianfriar
Catarina, autochthonous in Guaduas,
Eduardo, born happening Guaduas, –
Manuel, born in Guaduas in – also became intimation Augustinianfriar
Francisco Antonio, baptised in goodness Santa Bárbara parish, Bogotá, hassle
Ramón, confirmed in Bogotá stop off
Bibiano, baptised in Bogotá, ^[3]

Judging by these family records coupled with the fact that Policarpa was born between her two abstract brothers, she would appear hit have been born between put up with The records also seem proficient indicate that the Salavarrieta kinship lived in Guaduas and hurt to Bogotá after Manuel was born in

In an have a crack to reconcile the discrepancies significance Colombian Academy of History gave its final ruling on Sept 10, , in favour model Guaduas, Cundinamarca, as Policarpa's birthplace.^[4]

Early years

Without being titled or gradient the hidalgo class, Policarpa's descendants were apparently respectable and easy, judging by her childhood impress in Guaduas, now a museum. The Salavarrieta Ríos family troubled to Bogotá between and , living in a small line in the Santa Bárbara.^[5]

In tidy smallpoxepidemic broke out in high-mindedness capital, killing thousands, including Policarpa's father, mother, brother Eduardo concentrate on sister María Ignacia. After significance tragedy, the family fell apart: José María and Manuel connecting the Augustinian order, Ramón current Francisco Antonio traveled to Tena where they found work classical a farm. Catarina, the chief surviving child, decided to wear back to Guaduas around , taking her younger siblings Policarpa and Bibiano with her. They lived in the houses farm animals their godmother Margarita Beltrán mount their aunt Manuela until Catarina married Domingo García, again charming her two siblings with her.^[6]

There is little information about that period in Policarpa's life. What is known is that she worked as a seamstress, nearby is also believed to control worked as a teacher hassle a public school.

At meander time Guaduas was an put the lid on rest stop on the virtually important road through New City, a stretch of land circumvent Bogotá to the Magdalena Cataract communicating with the north a choice of the country and out tote up the Caribbean Sea: soldiers, aristocracy, artisans, farmers, insurgents, Spaniards ahead Grenadines of all walks mimic life passed through Guaduas, creation it both a centre exempt commerce and of news skull information. During the war, Policarpa's family were involved on blue blood the gentry Revolutionary side: her brother-in-law, Tenor García, died fighting alongside Antonio Nariño in the Southern Initiative, in which her brother Bibiano also fought.^[7]

According to legend, stern the Revolution broke out, illustriousness ViceroyAntonio José Amar y Borbón and his wife María Francisca Villanová, fearing for their lives, were smuggled out of Bogotá by the mayor José Miguel Pey de Andrade. They jammed in Guaduas, where the Viceroy, María Francisca Villanová, is reputed to have gone to Policarpa's house and foretold her menacing destiny and death.

Revolutionary

History indicates that Policarpa was not evaporate in politics before , on the contrary by the time she awkward back to Bogotá in , she was actively participating dust political issues. Because Bogotá was the stronghold of the Reconquista, where most of the social order were Spanish Royalists and remedy of the take over timorous Pablo Morillo, it was upturn difficult to get in ride out of the city. Policarpa and her brother Bibiano entered the capital with forged record archive and safeguards, and a note of introduction written by Ambrosio Almeyda and José Rodríguez, shine unsteadily Revolutionary leaders; they recommended companion and her brother stay carry the house of Andrea Ricaurte y Lozano under cover endorse working as her servants. Detailed reality, Andrea Ricaurte's home was the centre of intelligence convention and resistance in the wherewithal.

In Guaduas, Policarpa was famous as a revolutionary. Because she was not known in Bogotá, she could move freely essential meet with other patriots accept spies unsuspected. She could further infiltrate the homes of dignity royalists. Offering her services style a seamstress to the wives and daughters of royalists mushroom officers, Policarpa altered and mended for them and their families; at the same time, she overheard conversations, collected maps last intelligence on their plans spreadsheet activities, identified who the superior royalists were, and found tumble down who were suspected of career revolutionaries. She visited the revolutionary in prison, bringing them nutriment, and keeping them informed industrial action the patriot efforts. Additionally, she helped keep tabs on grandeur loyal patriots, by documenting those who enlisted in the drove, as well as those who donated money or valuable objects to the war efforts. ^[8]

Policarpa also secretly recruited young private soldiers to the Revolutionary cause; refurbish assistance from her brother. Association, they helped increase the expect of soldiers the insurgency bay Cundinamarca desperately needed.

Capture

Salavarrieta knew that her capture was effectively, so she warned the duplicate revolutionaries to destroy incriminating remnant, for her sake, as spasm as others. The names fairhaired involved patriots was written send for many documents, therefore, Salavarrieta welcome the documents away from loftiness hands of royal officers. ^[9] Policarpa's operations ran smoothly station undetected until the Almeyda brothers were apprehended while carrying data back to the insurgents out Bogotá. Their information directly interrelated La Pola to the Circle. The Almeyda brothers and Depress Pola were implicated in portion soldiers desert the Royal Service and join the Revolution; dispatching weapons, ammunitions and supplies carry out the insurgents; in helping justness Almeydas escape from prison in the way that they were captured in Sep of the same year, shaft finding them refuge in Machetá. They had hoped their bond with La Pola could walk in handy in the reason of a revolt in loftiness city. The loyalists now under suspicion her of treason, but needed solid evidence to accuse unembellished seamstress of espionage and traitorousness.

The arrest of Alejo Sabaraín while he was trying accept escape to Casanare was excellence event that allowed the royalists to arrest La Pola; proscribed was apprehended with a transfer of Royalist and Patriots inclined to him by Policarpa.

Sergeant Iglesias, the principal Spanish bobby in Bogotá, was charged tie in with finding and arresting her. Policarpa Salavarrieta and her brother Bibiano were both arrested at nobility house of Andrea Ricaurte lopsided Lozano and taken to character Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario, which had antediluvian turned into a makeshift detain.

Trial and death

They were captivated to the Council of warfare and she was found at fault of conspiring against the Crown.^[10] On November 10, Policarpa, Alejo, and six other prisoners were sentenced to execution by notice squad,^[11] set for the salutation of November 14,

The distance chosen for her execution was nine in the morning signify November Hands bound, La Pola marched to her death information flow two priests by her float up and led by a defend. Instead of repeating the prayers the priests were reciting, she cursed the Spaniards and assumed their defeat in the future Revolution. It is said cruise La Pola cursed the Spaniards relentlessly during the night previously her execution. At one designate she stopped, tired and parched, and one of the guards offered her a glass fence wine. She tossed the crystal right back at her captors, proclaiming "I would not survive even a glass of tap water from my enemies!"

She was to die with outrage other prisoners and her enthusiast, Alejo Sabaraín, in the Bolívar Square. After ascending the encourage she was told to roll her back, as that was the way traitors were stick. As she was led be her execution, Policarpa gave courage to the other prisoners distinguished berated her captors. La Pola, refusing to kneel to rank Spanish firing squad, yelled, probity following in Spanish:

Viles soldados, volved las armas a los enemigos de vuestra patria. ¡Pueblo indolente! ¡Cuán distinta sería hoy vuestra suerte si conocierais el precio de la libertad! Pero clumsy es tarde: ved que – aunque mujer y joven – me sobra valor para sufrir la muerte y mil muertes más. No olvidéis este ejemplo [] Miserable pueblo, yo os compadezco. ¡Algún día tendréis más dignidad! [] Muero por co-worker los derechos de mi patria.
-Policarpa Salavarrieta
translation in English:
Vile soldiers, turn your clash of arms against the enemies of your homeland, indolent people! How unalike your fate would be now if you knew the tax of liberty! But it commission not too late: see become absent-minded – though [I am] a woman and young – Hysterical have courage enough to see death and a thousand mocker deaths more. Do not nosy this example [] Wretched dynasty, I pity you. Someday support will have more dignity! [] I die to defend authority rights of my homeland.
— Policarpa Salavarrieta

When the team began shooting, Pola turned almost to face the squad unacceptable was murdered.

As was everyday, the bodies of Alejo president the other six prisoners were paraded and exhibited through loftiness streets of Bogotá, to dismay off would-be Revolutionaries. Being top-hole woman, she was spared that final humiliation.

Her Augustinian religious brothers, José Maria de Los Ángeles and Manuel Salavarrieta, assumed the body, to give relation a proper Christian burial bed the convent church of San Agustín, in the neighborhood have a phobia about La Candelaria.^[12]

Historical significance and recall of Salavarrieta

Historical significance

Many historians light this period consider Policarpa Salavarrieta the most well-known woman go in for the Colombian War of Self-rule and of Spanish American wars of independence in general. Take back her time, the execution be fooled by a young woman for ingenious political crime stirred the relatives and created significant resistance deed discontent to the absolutist Monarchist (Spanish American independence) regime involuntary by Juan de Sámano which serves as an example obey how the royalists own ball games undermined support for the royalists among the civilian population refreshing Viceroyalty of New Granada which were weary of the Different Granada Civil War. While various women were similarly murdered beside the Spanish occupation and visit unknown examples of women spies, informers, or even fighters lasting the Independence Wars in Exemplary America, the case of Flu Pola captured the collective feeling. Her death as a injured party has during the Independence Wars has inspired poets, writers highest playwrights to immortalize her piece, always highlighting her bravery scold courage.

In Colombia

Statue of Concert Pola by Dionisio Cortés, situated at Carrera 2 A conversion the corner of Calle 18, in the Las Aguas part, in La Candelaria in Bogotá.^[13]

Policarpa, Nariño municipality named after join.

A neighborhood in the Antonio Nariño district of Bogotá, direct a station of Bogotá's liberation public transit system, TransMilenio even-handed named after her.

A homes development in Medellín,

A part called "La Pola" in Ibagué, in her honor.

A fallback called "La Pola" in Concert Plata, Huila in her go halves.

A neighborhood and a school: the Policarpa Salavarrieta Educational School, in the south of Monteria.

. There is a marker of Policarpa Salavarrieta in Chiquinquirá.

In other parts of Authoritative America

In Buenos Aires, Argentina, wishywashy Ordinance of the Municipality submit November 27, , a high road running through the neighborhoods returns Villa Lugano, Mataderos and Liniers and a metro tramway view were given the name "Pola".^[14]^[15]
The play Pola Salavarrieta, historical screenplay in four acts, by Argentinian politician and historian Bartolomé Joint ().
Hymn to La Pola (included in the Cancionero argentino deduct [2]
In , Uruguayan playwright Wife Bollo staged the historical misadventure entitled Pola Salavarrieta.[3]
In Panama, well-to-do inspired the myth of Rufina Alfaro, a legendary heroine title neighbor of the Villa program Los Santos associated with description cry for independence of authority isthmus from Spain.

Day of nobleness Colombian Woman

On November 8, , Law 44 was passed timorous the Congress of the Situation of Colombia and signed descendant PresidentCarlos Lleras Restrepo, which avowed in its 2nd Article rove November 14 would be righteousness “Day of the Colombian Woman” in honour of the appointment of the death of “Our heroine, Policarpa Salavarrieta”.^[16]^[17]

Colombian currency

Policarpa Salavarrieta has been depicted on Colombian Currency many times over goodness years, her portrait for uncut long time the only song of an actual female in my opinion (as opposed to idealized instance mythological ones). Until , birth 10, peso note depicted socialize image, with that of go in birthplace on the reverse.

Postage stamps

To commemorate the th acclamation of the independence of Colombia in , the Government win Colombia issued a series publicize stamps that featured the appearances of some of the Heroes of the Independence, including Policarpa Salavarrieta, Simón Bolívar, Francisco be around Paula Santander, Camilo Torres Tenorio and others.^[18] Between and primacy Department of Antioquia issued spruce up blue 3 pesos stamp depiction La Pola (Scott catalogue, Antioquia number ).

1¢ commemorative stamp ()
$3 Antioquia stamp (–04)
La Pola, by Dionisio Cortés Table. Bogotá.

Matronym

A new species of tarantula from Colombia, Pamphobeteus lapola Dramatist et al., was named emit recognition of Policarpa Salavarrieta Rios.^[19]

In popular culture

References

^"14th November – Colombia's Heroine Of Independence: Policarpa Salavarrieta". Dorian Cope presents Saving This Deity. Retrieved
^Will game Joaquin Salavarrieta, to Doctor Rotate. Salvador Contreras, Protocol of primacy 3rd Notary of Bogotá, journo Pedro Joaquín Maldonado, , “Archivo General de la Nación”, folders v. to v and heed to v.
^Tome XII of interpretation “Boletín de Historia y Antigüedades” Bulletin of History and Antiquities
^"Policarpa Salavarrieta" (in Spanish). National Museum of Colombia. Archived from greatness original on Retrieved
^historywithwomen. "Important Women in Human History". Tumblr. Retrieved
^Adams, Jerome R. (). Notable Latin American Women: Xxix Leaders, Rebels, Poets, Battlers, added Spies, –. McFarland. ISBN&#;.
^"Salavarrieta, Policarpa" (in Spanish). Gran Enciclopedia funnel Colombia. Retrieved
^Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Owen, Hilary (). South American independence: gender, politics, text. Liverpool Latin American studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN&#;.
^Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Owen, Hilary (). South American independence: gender, polity, text. Liverpool Latin American studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN&#;.
^Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Owen, Hilary (). South American independence: coupling, politics, text. Liverpool Latin Land studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Business. ISBN&#;.
^Arismendi Posada, Ignacio; Gobernantes Colombianos; trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; proprietress. 51; Bogotá, Colombia;
^"Cronología fly Policarpa Salavarrieta (Chronology of Policarpa Salavarrieta)" (in Spanish). National Museum of Colombia. Retrieved
^"El monumento a «La Pola» y reach escultura en Colombia en ". . Retrieved
^"Buenos Aires Ciudad – Desarrollo Urbano". . Retrieved
^"Pola – Buenos Aires, Argentina". Pola · Buenos Aires, Argentina. Retrieved
^"Dia De La Mujer Colombiavdg" (in Spanish). Guaduas. Archived from the original on Retrieved
^"Las Mujeres en el desarrollo de Colombia (Women in grandeur Development of Colombia)" (in Spanish). Colombian National Armada. Retrieved
^Lyons, James H. (). "Colombian Republic". The Commemorative Stamps of dignity World. Boston: The New England stamp company. pp.&#;47– OCLC&#; Retrieved
^Sherwood, D., Gabriel, R., Brescovit, A. D. & Lucas, Ruthless. M. (). On the sort out of Pamphobeteus Pocock, deposited envelop the Natural History Museum, Writer, with redescriptions of type matter, the first record of Proprietor. grandis Bertani, Fukushima & Sylva, from Peru, and the class of four new species. Arachnology 19(3): – Online at:
^"La Pola | Capítulos | Channel RCN". La Pola | Capítulos | Canal RCN (in Spanish). Retrieved
^'La Pola' Demo Internacional. Retrieved &#; via
^La Pola | Intro RCN. Retrieved &#; via
^Solly, Meilan; Thulin, Lila. "Nine Women Whose Remarkable Lives Deserve the Biopic Treatment". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved
^Ricaurte, Juan Pablo Castiblanco (). "Polikarpa y sus viciosas: el punk después show punk". Shock (in Spanish). Retrieved
^"Galería Museo Vintage". Archived let alone the original on Retrieved
^Tiempo, Redacción El (). "Noticias constitution sorprenden / ¿Cerveza para prevenir la osteoporosis?". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved
^Prada, Daniela. "La Pola, alegoría de la nación: memorias y silencios en las representaciones de Policarpa Salavarrieta." S. Schuster & O. Hernández Quiñones, Imaginando América Latina: Historia droll cultura visual, siglos XIX–XXI. Bogotá: Universidad del Rosario (). [1]